![]() This is especially true during aging, when it becomes more difficult to maintain homeostasis due to accumulated damage and inadequate repair of molecules and cells. Failure to mount an adequate stress response, or to terminate the stress response, or unrelenting stress results in additional threats to homeostasis over and above the stress that elicited the response in the first place. Thus, the stress response is a double-edged sword with both beneficial and detrimental effects for the whole organism. In contrast to the adaptive role of the stress response, Hans Selye (1907 –1982) discovered that stress-related diseases were often the result of chronic effects of stress. Living organisms make adjustments within their cells to internal and external sources of stress in order to adapt, maintain function, and survive challenges to homeostasis. Initially, the stress response involves important adaptive changes throughout an organism that are necessary to restore homeostasis, a term coined by Walter Cannon (1871 –1945) to describe the internal bodily balance in physiological systems. The concept of stress as a change in the environment that results in an internal response in living organisms can be traced to the nineteenth-century ideas of the physiologist Claude Bernard (1813 –1878).
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